Fw ]n apl½Zv ss^k Alvk\n

`uXnIXsb {]kmZn¸n¡p¶ km{amPyXz XXz§fmWv XhÊpÂ, CkvXnKmk, Iq«p{]mÀ°\, BWvSv t\À¨, acWm\´c NS§pIÄ, JpXzv_, kv{XoIfpsS A¨S¡w, ame¸m«pIÄ, knbmd¯v, auenZpIÄ, Pmd§Ä, F¶nhtbmSv kacw sN¿pI hgn tIcf¯nse aXbpànhmZn {]Øm\§Ä \S¸nem¡ns¡mWvSncn¡p¶Xv F¶v ]dbpt¼mÄ "R§Ä A§s\bÃ' F¶v ]dbp¶Xn\v ]Icw "\n§fpw A§s\bmWv' F¶ Hcp Xcw Ip«n¯amWv {]XnIcW§fn {]Xn^en¡p¶Xv. ]t£, Hcp hyXymkapWvSv. R§Ä sshtZinI A[n\nthi¯nsâ N«pI§fmsW¦n \n§Ä "kztZi A[n\nthi(?)¯nsâ D]IcW§fmWv.

kzÂ]w hniZoIcWw AÀln¡p¶ NÀ¨bmWnXv. "kmwkvImcnI km{amPyXzw hnk½Xn¡pI' F¶m asddmcp kwkvImcs¯ {]Xntcm[n¡pI F¶mWÀ°w. CkvemanI kwkvImcs¯ CXc kwkvImc¯nsâ IS¶pIbdd¯n \n¶v sNdp¡pI F¶v. CXc kwkvImc§fpsS IS¶pIbddw Bkq{XnXamb \o¡§fneqsSbpw hyhØm]nXamb e£y§fneqsSbpw KqVamb IpX{´§fneqsSbpapÅ Dt±iy]qÀWamb B{IaWambncn¡pw. AsænÂ, kmwkvImcnI sshPmXy§fpsS Hcp `qanIbn Pohn¡pt¼mgpWvSmIp¶ AÚXbS¡apÅ ]e ImcW§fmepWvSmIp¶ kzm`mhnIamb sImÅs¡mSp¡epIfpsS `mKambn«mbncn¡pw.

Hcp DZmlcW¯neqsS C¡mcyw a\Ênem¡mw : eÖ, A¨S¡w, HXp¡w, hnt[bXzw, ad XpS§nbh kv{Xobn \n¶v Ckvemw Bhiys¸Sp¶ Nne aqey§fmWv. AXn\pÅ _mlyamb Hcp coXnbmbn«mWv "]À±'sb Ckvemw BhnjvIcn¡p¶Xv. ho«n HXp§nbncn¡pIbpw AhiyL«§fn am{Xw icocw apgph\pw ad¨v Hcp alvdansâ IqsStbm hnizkvXIfmb apkvenw kv{XoIfpsS IqsStbm bm{X sN¿pIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp kv{Xo t\À CkvemanI kwkvIrXnbpsS DZmlcWambn \ap¡v ]cnKWn¡mw.

C¯cw kv{XoIÄ tIcf¯n ap¼pWvSmbn«pWvSv. "Ipeo\ apkvenw kv{Xo'Ifmbn kaqlw Ahsc ]cnKWn¨p; BZcn¨p. kvt\ln¨p. C¶pw C¯cw kv{XoIfpWvSv. F¶m apkvenw tIcf¯nse kv{XoIfn BtKmfoIcW¯nsâ ap¼pw tijhpw henb hn`mKw C§s\bÃ. apJhpw ImÂ]mZ§fpw ap³ssIbpw AhÀ ad¨ncp¶nÃ. {KmaoWm´co£¯n HXp§n \n¶p sImWvSv AhÀ sXmgnepIfnteÀs¸«ncp¶p. ]t£, At¸mgpw  A§mSnIfn Aebmt\m {]IS\w \S¯mt\m ]ÅnIfn t]mImt\m s]mXpcwKw ssI¿S¡mt\m AhÀ Hcp¡ambncp¶nÃ. CkvemanI kwkvImcw Bhiys¸Sp¶ eÖbpw HXp¡hpw A¨S¡hpw AhÀ¡pWvSmbncp¶p. Zmcn{ZyaS¡apÅ A\nhmcyamb ]e ImcW§Ä sImWvSpamWv ]ecpw A¯cw Hcp kmlNcy¯nse¯ns¸«Xv. (A\nhmcy L«§fn Ckvemw \ÂIp¶ CfhpIÄ HmÀ¡pI) F¶m NneÀ C¯cw kmlNcy§fnÃmsXbmWv thjhn[m\§fn Cu ssien kzoIcn¨Xv. tIcfobamb ]WvSm¯ehpw tIcf¯nse hkv{XkwkvImc¯nsâ kzm[o\hpamWv AXnsâ ImcWsa¶v a\Ênem¡mhp¶tXbpÅq. (knhnIv N{µs\ t]mepÅhÀ kmwkvImcnI Ckvemw F¶v hnfn¡p¶Xv CXns\bmWv.) CXns\ Ipdn¨v A]ISIcamb A[n\nthiw F¶v ]dªp IqSm; `qanimkv{X]chpw kmaqlnIhpamb kzm[o\§Ä hyàn PohnX¯nte¡v ]ScpI kzm`mhnIamWv. ImcWw ]ecpw AXv sN¿p¶Xv AÚX aqeamWv. Hcp t_m[hXv¡cW¯neqsS Ahcn amdd§Ä km[yamhpw. thsd NneÀ¡v X§Ä sN¿p¶Xv IpddamsW¶dnªn«pw kmaqlnI kmlNcyw aptJ\ A§s\ Bbnt¸mhpIbmWv. AhÀ X§fpsS sNbvXnIsf \ymboIcn¡pItbm Bb¯pw lZokptamXn AXns\  "CkvemaoIcn¡p'Itbm sN¿p¶nÃ. adn¨v  ASnØm\]camb aqey§Ä (HXp¡w, eÖ) F¶nh Ahcnepw eo\amWv.

F¶m Cu aqey§sf A«nadn¡m\pÅ t_m[]qÀhamb {ia§Ä hntZi¯v \n¶pw kztZi¯v \n¶pw DWvSmbn«pWvSv. XmXznIambpw {]mtbmKnIambpw aqe[\ tI{µoIrXamb apXemfn¯ hyhØbpw XmXznIambn sXmgnemfn tI{µoIrX IayqWnÌv hyhØbpw ssk²m´nI {]mtbmKnI Xe§fn a\pjy tI{µoIrX hyhØbmWv. (]mWvSmXyw ss{IkvXhatà F¶v tNmZn¨mÂ, aXw AhnsS Hcp D]IcWw am{XamWv F¶mWv adp]Sn. C\n aXw AhcpsS e£yhpw amÀKhpamsW¦n Xs¶bpw "ssZhnI tI{µoIrXw' F¶v ]dbm³ ]ddm¯ hn[w, a\pjycpsS CSs]SepIÄ¡v hnt[bam¡s¸«n«pWvSv F¶XmWv icn.) Ch cWvSnepw tIcfob kmlNcy¯n Gddhpw `oIcw apXemfn¯ hyhØbmsW¶v ]dtbWvSXnÃ. ImcWw t`mKXrjvWIsf Dt¯Pn¸n¨v, taml§sf ]qPn¨v Alwt_m[w hfÀ¯n, aX Nn´ItfmSv ]pOw hnIkn¸n¨v "Cemln'sâ CSw CÃmXm¡p¶ Xo{h {iaamWv ]mWvSmXy³ km{amPyXzw tIcf¯nepWvSm¡nsbSp¯Xv. F¶m a\pjysâ hnIk\mßIamb {]tab§Ä apt¶m«v h¨v, NqjWmßI hyhØs¡Xnsc kacw {]Jym]n¨v, (A¯cw {]tab§fpsS ssZhnIamb {]kàn AhKWn¨v) sImWvSpÅ a\pjy tI{µoIrXamb Hcp AhØbmWv IayqWnkw {]Xn\n[oIcn¨Xv. F¯nkw F¶Xnep]cn AKvt\mÌnkw BWv tIcfob IayqWnkw apt¶m«v h¨Xv.  (ssZhw DtWvSm CÃtbm F¶Xv \s½ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw apJy APWvS Aà F¶v) AXp sImWvSv aX hnizmknbmbn sImWvSv Xs¶ IayqWnÌv ]mÀ«nbn {]hÀ¯n¡m³ ssk²m´nIamb hne¡pIÄ  CÃmXncp¶Xpw. F¦nepw IayqWnk¯nsâ ssZhnI \ncmkw Xncn¨dnbm\pw ssk²m´nI Xe¯n AXpambn AIew ]men¡m\pw tIcf apkvenwIfpsS apJy[mc¡v Ignªn«pWvSv. hfsc \yq\]£w hcp¶ NneÀ IayqWnks¯ ]qÀW aXambn AwKoIcn¨Xpw þ aqÀX±mbnt¸mbXpw þ thsd NneÀ kn²m´ _m[tbddv kmwkvImcnIm[n\thi¯n\v hnt[bam¡s¸«Xpw AhKWn¡mhXÃ. F¶m ]mWvSmXy³ A[n\nthiw Xncn¨dnbs¸Sm³ ]ddm¯Xv a\ÊpIfn \n¶v Ckvemantâbpw AXnsâ kn²m´§fptSbpw aqey§fptSbpw CSw \jvSs¸Sp¯m³ hym]Iamb hn[¯n ImcWamhpIbpw sNbvXn«pWvSv.

\tS kqNn¸n¨ kv{Xo kaql§fn Cu cWvSv A[n\nthi§fpw DWvSm¡nb kmwkvImcnI amdd§sf¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡pI. IayqWnkw aX§sf \nckn¡p¶psh¶p Xncn¨dnª apkvenw kaql¯n \n¶v A¨S¡apÅ apkvenw kv{XoIsf Xr]vXnbmthmfw IayqWnk¯n\v In«nbnà F¶XmWv t\cv. ""\n§Ä sIm¿pw hbepIsfÃmw \n§fptSXmIpw ss]¦nfntb' F¶v kpµcambn ]mSnbn«pw apkvenw ss]¦nfnIÄ taml]£nIfmbn  ]d¡mXncp¶Xv IayqWnk¯nsâ  Cu ssk²m´nI sshIeyw sImWvSmbncp¶p. (apkvenwIÄ apXemfn¯¯nsâ NqjW§Ä Xncn¨dnbpIbpw IayqWnÌv _p²n PohnIÄ¡v "aXw Hcp bmYmÀ°yamWv' F¶v t_m[ys¸SpIbpw aX§tfmSv arZpekao]\w kzoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ ]pXnb tIcfob kmlNcy¯n apkvenw kv{XoIfpsS thm«pIÄ amÀIvknÌv s]«nbn hogp¶pWvSv F¶Xv Hcp bmYmÀ°yamWv) F¶m kn²m´§tfmSv Iqdv ]peÀ¯n ]d¶p t]mb ss]¦nfnIfn AXpWvSm¡nb kmwkvImcnI amddw `oIcambncp¶p. apkvenw sFUânddn Hcp \ne¡pw Xncn¨dnbs¸Sm¯ XnIª atXXc thjw [cn¨ apkvenw t]cpÅ s^an\nÌpIÄ DsWvS¦n Cu kn²m´ IayqWnk¯nsâ DÂ]¶§fmsW¶v Duln¡pIbmbncn¡pw IqSpX icn. AhcpsS aXw t]cn am{Xw HXp§n \n¶p; H¶p IqSn hnimeambm s]cp¶mÄ ]mÀ«nIfnepw acWm\´c NS§pIfnepw. Ipd¨p IqSn hnimeXbpÅhÀ CkvemanI kwÚIÄ D]tbmKn¡pw. (AÃmlp, JpÀB³, kemw...) thsd NneÀ IayqWnÌv kn²m´§sf CkvemanIhXvIcn¡m³ {ian¡pw. NneÀ¡v t\m¼pw \nkvImchpapWvSmIpw. (F¶m ]pcpj·mcn Hcp henb hn`mKw IayqWnk¯nsâ hn¹h ap{ZmhmIy§fn am{Xw BIrjvScmbn, AXn\v thWvSn apkvenw eoKS¡apÅ apgph³ cmjv{Sob I£nIfpw sN¿p¶ cmj{Sob sshIrX§Ä ({]IS\§fnse t]¡q¯pIÄ DZmlcWw) sN¿p¶tXmsSm¸w aX hnizmk§fn Dd¨v \n¡p¶hcpamWv. AhÀ¡v aXw aXhpw cmjv{Sobw cmjv{SobhpamWv. \tS kqNn¸n¨ hnhn[ X«pIÄ ]pcpj·mcnepw Cà F¶v ]dbmhXÃ)

F¶m Hcp \yq\]£¯nsâ aX]cnXymKw amddn \nÀ¯nbm þ CXnt\¡mÄ `oIcamb kmwkvImcnI amdd§fmWv ]mWvSmXy³ A[n\nthiw DWvSm¡nbXv. CXns\ "IqSpX `oIcw' F¶v hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv \mev AÀ°¯nemWv. H¶v: CXv amÀIvknÌv A[n\nthit¯¡mÄ hym]Iambncp¶p.WvS) Xncn¨dnbs¸Sm¯ Iuieambncp¶p {]tbmKn¨Xv. 3) ip² NqjWw am{XamWv: NqjW hyhØnXns¡XnscbpÅ kac§fÃ; CcIÄ NqjWw kzbw BtLmjn¡p¶ sshcp²yamWv ChnsS ImWp¶Xv. 4) kwkvImcw am{XaÃ; AtXmsSm¸w aXhpw  (hnizmkw) Agnªp t]mIp¶ A\p`hapWvSmbn.

]mWvSmXy³ apXemfn¯¯nsâ kmwkvImcnIm[n\nthiw {][m\ambpw cWvSv Nm\epIfneqsSbmWv DWvSmbXv. H¶v: tImÀ¸tdddv apXemfnamÀ P\Iob am[ya§Ä kar²ambn D]tbmKn¨v a\pjysâ Bkànsb NqjWw sNbvXp t`mKXrjvWsb ]qPn¡p¶ kmaqlnI ]cnkcw hfÀ¯nsbSp¯p. \½psS DZmlcW¯n ]mhmS, kmcn, amIvkn [cn¨v, Xead¨v, IpSNqSn \mWw IpWp§n A¸pds¯ ho«nte¡v, ISbnte¡v ]mev sImWvSp t]mbns¡mSp¯ncp¶ ]WvSs¯ apkvenw bphXn C¶v, XWvS³ Imepw XWvS³ I¿pw amdpw ]ncSnbpw Acs¡«pw X{´]camb IodepIfneqsS hyàambpw, apebpw XpSbpw \nXw¼hpw "^nddnwKneqsS, XmXznIambpw Xebpw apJhpw Imepw I¿pw ]ckyambpw Xpd¶n«v, tImkvaddnIvkpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v NpWvSp sNa¸n¨v apJw shfp¸n¨v, ]pcnIw Idp¸n¨v sIm©n¡pgªv, A§mSnbnepw ISIfnepw A[nImc tI{µ§fnepw kvt]mÀSvknepw {]IS\§fnepw hnZym`ymk Øm]\§fnepw sN¯ns¸mfn¨v, sImWvSpw sImSp¯pw \S¡pt¼mÄ, ""tamtf, CsXms¡ AÃmlp/ aXw s]mdp¡ptam'' F¶v tNmZn¡s¸Sp¶ am{Xbn ""tÈbv! \n§sf´m ]do¶Xv? AsXm¶pw (\n§fpsS AÃmlpw aXhpw JpÀB\pw Ckvemapsam¶pw) Cu B[p\nI bpK¯n \S¸pÅ ImcyaÃ'' F¶v {]XnIcn¡pt¼mÄ, hniZoIcn¡s¸« ]mWvSmXy³ A[n\nthiw AXnsâ apgph³ `oIcXItfmSpw IqSn \s½ AS¡n hmgp¶Xnsâ t\ÀNn{Xw A\p`hn¡pIbmWv \mw.

]mWvSmXy³ kmwkvImcnIm[n\nthi¯n\v Nm\epIfmbn {]hÀ¯n¨ asddmcp hn`mKw kmwkvImcnI aNyp\·mcmbncp¶p (IĨd Ikn³kv). kv{XobpsS A¨S¡w, HXp¡w, AS¡w, eÖ, XpS§nbh IhÀs¶Sp¡m³ ]mWvSmXy³ Ikn\pIsf D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n.  Bb¯pw lZokptamXn s]®p§sf ]Ånbnte¡pw {ItaW sXcsªSp¸pIfnte¡pw  A§mSnIfnte¡pw kt½f\§fnte¡pw B«ns¯fn¨p. BSm\pw ]mSm\pw ]m«v tIÄ¡m\pw BkzZn¡m\pw A\phmZw ]Xn¨p \ÂIn. "]ptcmlnXÀ' h¨ N§eIÄ s]m«n¨v kv{Xoiàn kaql¯nsâ ASnhmc§fnepw apJy[mcbnepw CS]mSpIfpw CSs]SepIfpw \S¯n¯pS§n. Ikn\pIÄ¡v Hcp \nÀ_Ôta DWvSmbncp¶pÅq. ]pd¯nd§p¶Xpw sIm©n¡pgbp¶Xpsams¡ "CkvemanI thjw [cn¨p sImWvSmbncn¡Ww; A\y ]pcpj\v' kemw sNmÃm\pw ssj¡v lmâv sN¿m\pw XSÊapWvSmIp¶ coXnbn apJhpw ssIImepIfpw Xpd¶n«v ]n´ncn¸³ aqcm¨n apkvenambn ]pd¯nd§n¡qSm. tImkvaddnIvkpIÄ D]tbmKn¨v Bhpwhn[w apJkuµcyw hyàambn {]ZÀin¡pw hn[apÅ a^vXbpw \navt\m¶§Ä Xncn¨dnbpw hn[apÅ skIvkn ]À±bpw Bbncn¡Wsa¶v am{Xw. (Ct¸mÄ JpÀB³ s]¬hmb\¡v hnt[bam¡Wsa¶pw "lnPm_v' ]À±bm¡n Nn{XoIcn¨Xv ]pcpj ta[mhnXz¯ne[njvTnXamb JpÀB\nI  hymJym\amsW¶pw Nne CkvemanI s^an\nÌpIÄ hmZn¨p XpS§nbn«pWvSv)

kmwkvImcnIm[n\nthi¯nsâ hyXyØ Xe§Ä a\Ênem¡m³ thWvSnbmWv C{Xbpw hniZoIcn¨Xv. CXv ]t£, kv{Xobn am{Xw HXp§p¶XÃ. a\pjy PohnX¯nsâ apgph³ Xe§fnepw AXpWvSv. BtLmj§fnepw BNmc§fnepw ImgvN¸mSpIfnepsams¡ Cu kzm[o\w ImWmw. tIcf apkvenwIfpsS CkvemanI¯\nasb {][m\ambpw aq¶v Imcy§Ä {]XnIqeambn kzm[o\n¨n«psWvS¶À°w. tIcfobXbpambpÅ kzm`mhnIamb kmlNcys¸SepIÄ, amÀIvknb³ Nn´m [mcIfpsS CSs]SepIÄ, ]mWvSmXy³ apXemfoIcW¯nsâ {]Xy£hpw ]tcm£hpambpÅ (Ikn\pIÄ hgnbpÅ) A[n\nthiw.

]mWvSmXy³ iànIÄ t\cn«pw aNyp\À hgnbpw X§fpsS km{amPyw Øm]ns¨Sp¡m³ {ian¨Xv {][m\ambpw cWvSv coXnIfneqsSbmbncp¶p. H¶v BßobXsb \in¸n¡pI. cWvSv þ `uXnImkàn hÀ²n¸n¡pI. kv{XoIfpsS cwK{]thiw hgn cWvSmas¯ hgnbmWv AhÀ kXzcam¡nbXv. AÃmlphnt\mSpÅ `ànbpw ASp¸hpw \ÃXm¡pIbpw alm³amtcmSpw CkvemanI Nn´ItfmSpw Ncn{X§tfmSpapÅ BZchpw kvt\lhpw \in¸n¡pIbpw \nehnepÅ Bcm[\IfpsS BßobX tNmÀ¯n¡fbpIbpw kmaqlnI _豈 Adp¯v amddpIbpw sNbvXp sImWvSmWv km{amPyXzw  BßobXsb \in¸n¨v sImWvSncp¶Xv. Iq«p{]mÀ°\, JpÀB³ ]mcmbWw, ZnIvÀ kZÊpIÄ, CkvXnKmk, XhÊpÂ, auenZv, ame¸m«pIÄ, aJv_d, acWm´c NS§pIÄ, JpXzv_, F¶nhbpambn Ieln¡pI hgn Cu e£y§Ä Hcp sNdnb iXam\w apkvenw a\ÊpIfnse¦nepw ]qÀ¯oIcn¡m³ ]cnjvImcnIÄ¡v Ignªp. F¶m C¯cw hnjb§fn \tS kqNn¸n¨ tIcfobXbptSbpw tkmjyenk¯nsâbpw apXemfn¯¯nsâbpw kzm[o\hpw DWvSmbnsöv ]dªpIqSm. t\À¨IÄ, hnhml§Ä, aJv_dIÄ, acWm\´c apdIÄ, Pn¶pIÄ F¶nhbpambn _Ôs¸« Imcy§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿pt¼mÄ Cu Imcy§Ä IqSn ]cnKWnt¡WvSn hcp¶p. Ipfw Ie¡n ao³ ]nSn¡p¶ ]cnjvImcnIfpsS X{´w, ]t£, Cu CgIodnb NÀ¨bn ]cmPbs¸Spw. ImcWw, Cu cwK§fn {]mtZinIamb Nne sImÅs¡mSp¡Â kzm`mhnIambpw DWvSmbn«pWvSv; B hnjb§fn CkvemanIambn FXnÀ¡s¸tSWvSXpw CkvemanIambn sXfnhnÃm¯Xpamb Imcy§Ä DWvSmbn«pWvSv; sXddpIsf sXddpIfmbn Xs¶ ]ÞnX·mÀ hnebncp¯pIbpw \·Isf \·Ifmbn t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXn«pWvSv. AhÀ¡nSbn A`n{]mb hyXymkapWvSmb Nne Imcy§fpw DWvSmbn«pWvSv. CkvXnKmkbpw XhÊpepw CkvemanI kwkvImchpambn H«n\n¡p¶XmsW¶pw XpS¡¯n Xs¶ \mw hniZoIcn¨tXmÀ¡p¶pWvSmhpatÃm. F¶m t\À¨, \_nZn\mtLmjw, hnhmlmtLmjw XpS§n CkvemanIambn AkvXnXzapÅXpw F¶m A\phZ\obambXpw AÃm¯Xpamb taJeIfnte¡v hnIkn¨Xpamb IeIÄ DWvSmbn«v, ChbpsS t]cn \S¡p¶ A`mk§sf ]mc¼cy kp¶n ]ÞnX·mÀ FXnÀ¡pIbpw ]ebnS¯pw t\À¨¸qc§Ä \nÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXn«pWvSv. ]t£, X§fpsS Bib§Ä Øm]n¡m³, C¯cw t\À¨IfpsS \ne\nÂ]v ]ptcmKa\¡mÀ¡v Bhiyambncp¶p. AXv sImWvSv Xs¶bmWv FÃm ]cnjvIcWhmZnIfpapÅ I½nddnIÄ¡v t\À¨sb \nb{´n¡m\pÅ AhImiw In«nbn«v t]mepw AXn\v {iaw \S¡msX t]mbXv. C¶v kp¶n kwLS\IfpsS {]hÀ¯\^eambn ]ebnS¯pw A¯cw t\À¨Ifpw B`mk§fpw Ahkm\n¨t¸mÄ, A¯cw cwK§Ä H¸nsbSp¯v FÂ.kn.Un s{]mPIvSdpIfneqsS kPoham¡n \nÀ¯pIbmWv ]ptcmKa\¡mÀ. tXm¶nhmk§Ä Ahkm\n¨m X§Ä¡v CSw \jvSs¸Sptam F¶ `oXnbn C¯cw t\À¨IÄ \ne\nÀ¯phm\pw AXn\v A\pKpWamb ^XvhIÄ kp¶nIfn \n¶v kwLSn¸n¡phm\pamWnhÀ {ian¡p¶Xv; km{amPyXz A[n\nthi¯nsâ asddmcp cq]amWXv. FÃm IpX{´§fpw Xncn¨dnbpI; km{amPyXzw hnk½Xn¡pI.

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